Units – Stefan Bayer

Units (Standards und Einheiten)

Protocols, connectors and their transfer rates

Type	Maximum Transmission speed in Bits	In Bytes	Release date
Telekom MagentaZuhause XL [55 Euro pro Monat]	Download 250 Mbit/s Upload 40 Mbit/s	31,25 MB/s 5 MB/s	2018
Vodafone GigaZuhause 1000 Kabel [60 Euro pro Monat] [DOCSIS 3.1]	Download 1000 Mbit/s Upload 50 Mbit/s	125 MB/s 6,25 MB/s	2013
MacBook Air M1 SSD	17,520 Mbit/s	2,190 MB/s [Write] 2,675 MB/s [Read]	2020
MacBook Pro 16 inch M2 SSD	42,976 Mbit/s	5,372 MB/s [Write] 6,491 MB/s [Read]	2023
LaCie Rugged Mini (5 TB)	1,040 Mbit/s	130 MB/s [Write and Read]	2020
Samsung 870 EVO SATA SSD	4,240 Mbit/s and 4,480 Mbit/s	530 MB/s and 560 MB/s [Write and Read]	2021

Wirless Local Area Network (WLAN) [Protocol]				GHz Band
Wi-Fi 0 (802.11)	2 Mbit/s	0,25 MB/s	1997	2.4 GHz
Wi-Fi 1 (802.11b)	11 Mbit/s	1,375 MB/s	1999	2.4 GHz
Wi-Fi 2 (802.11a)	54 Mbit/s	6,75 MB/s	1999	5 GHz
Wi-Fi 3 (802.11g)	54 Mbit/s	6,75 MB/s	2003	2.4 GHz
Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n)	600 Mbit/s	75 MB/s	2009	2.4 and 5 GHz
Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac)	1,300 Mbit/s	162,5 MB/s	2013	5 GHz
Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax)	9,600 Mbit/s	1,200 MB/s	2019	2.4, 5 and 6 GHz
Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be)	40,000 Mbit/s	5,000 MB/s	2024	2.4, 5 and 6 GHz

Ethernet Standards [Protocol]
Experimental Ethernet	2,94 Mbit/s	0,367 MB/s	1973
Ethernet I (DIX v1.0)	10 Mbit/s	1,25 MB/s	1980
Ethernet II (DIX v2.0)	10 Mbit/s	1,25 MB/s	1982
802.3 (10Base5 standard)	10 Mbit/s	1,25 MB/s	1983
802.3a (10Base2 thin Ethernet)	10 Mbit/s	1,25 MB/s	1985
802.3i (10Base-T twisted-pair)	10 Mbit/s	1,25 MB/s	1990
802.3u (100BaseT/TX Fast Ethernet and Auto-Negotiation)	100 Mbit/s	12,5 MB/s	1995
802.3u (100BaseFX)	100 Mbit/s	12,5 MB/s	1995
802.3u (100BaseT4)	100 Mbit/s	12,5 MB/s	1998
802.3ab (1000BaseT)	1000 Mbit/s	125 MB/s	1999
802.3ae (10GBaseSR 10GBaseLR 10GBaseER 10GBaseSW 10GBaseLW 10GBaseEW)	10,000 Mbit/s	1,250 MB/s	2002
802.3ba	40,000 Mbit/s	5,000 MB/s	2010
802.3bj	100,000 Mbit/s	12,500 MB/s	2014
802.3bm	100,000 Mbit/s	12,500 MB/s	2015
802.3cc	25,000 Mbit/s	3125 MB/s	2017
802.3cs	10,000 Mbit/s	1,250 MB/s	2022

Ethernet
Ethernet [Bob Metcalfe Xerox Palo Alto Research Center]	3 Mbits/s		1973
10 MbE	10 Mbit/s		1990
100 MbE	100 Mbit/s		1995
1 GbE	1,000 Mbit/s		1998
10 GbE	10,000 Mbit/s
25 and 50 GbE	25,000 Mbit/s and 50,000 Mbit/s		2015
40 and 100 GbE	40,000 Mbit/s and 100,000 Mbit/s		2010, 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2018
80 and 200 GbE (Terabit Ethernet)	80,000 Mbit/s and 200,000 Mbit/s		2017
800 GbE	800,000 Mbit/s		2020
800 GbE and 1,6 TbE	800,000 Mbit/s and 1,600,000 Mbits/s		2024

Ethernet Copper Cable Standards [Connector]				Upper Frequency
Cat 1	1 Mbit/s	0,125 MB/s	1985
Cat 2	4 Mbit/s	0,5 MB/s
Cat 3	10 Mbit/s	1,25 MB/s	1990	16 MHz
Cat 4	16 Mbit/s	2 MB/s		20 MHz
Cat 5	100 Mbit/s	2,5 MB/s	1995	100 MHz
Cat 5e	1,000 Mbit/s	125 MB/s	2001	100 MHz
Cat 6	10,000 Mbit/s	1,250 MB/s		250 MHz
Cat 6a	10,000 Mbit/s	1,250 MB/s	2008	500 MHz
Cat 7	10,000 Mbit/s	1,250 MB/s	2010	600 MHz
Cat 7a	10,000 Mbit/s	1,250 MB/s	2013	1000 MHz
Cat 8.1	25,000 or 40,000 Mbit/s	3,125 or 5000 MB/s	2016	1600 MHz
Cat 8.2	25,000 or 40,000 Mbit/s	3,125 or 5000 MB/s	2016	1600 MHz (1,6 GHz)

Ethernet RJ [Connector]
4P4C (RJ-10, RJ-9 or RJ-22)
6P2C (RJ-11) [Phone, Modem or Fax]
6P4C (RJ-14) [Phone, Modem or Fax]
6P6C (RJ-12 or RJ-25) [Modem]
8P8C (RJ45, ISDN-Stecker or Ethernet Stecker) [ISDN or Ethernet]

Universal Serial Bus (USB) [Protocol]
USB 1.1 (Full Speed)	12 Mbit/s	1,5 MB/s	1998
USB 2.0 (High-Speed)	480 Mbit/s	60 MB/s	2000
USB 3.2 Gen 1 (Super Speed)	5,000 Mbit/s	625 MB/s	2008
USB 3.2 Gen 2 (SuperSpeed, SuperSpeed+)	10,000 Mbit/s	1250 MB/s	2013
USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 (SuperSpeed+)	20,000 Mbit/s	2500 MB/s	2017
USB4 Gen 2×2	20,000 Mbit/s	2500 MB/s	2019
USB4 Gen 3×2	40,000 Mbit/s	5000 MB/s	2019

USB Standards [Connector]
USB-A			1998
USB-B			1998
USB Micro A			2000
USB Micro B			2000
USB Mini A			2000
USB Mini B			2000
USB-C			2014

30-Pin Dock Connector [USB 2.0 Protocol]	480 Mbit/s		2003

Lightning Connector (Blitz) [USB 2.0 Protocol]	480 Mbit/s		2012

FireWire (Feuerdraht) [Protocol and Connector]	3,200 Mbit/s
FireWire 400	400 Mbit/s		1995
FireWire 800	800 Mbit/s		2003

Thunderbolt (Donnerschlag) [Protocol]
Thunderbolt 1.0	10,000 Mbit/s	1,250 MB/s	2011	10.312,5 MHz
Thunderbolt 2.0	20,000 Mbit/s	2,500 MB/s	2013	10.312,5 MHz
Thunderbolt 3.0	40,000 Mbit/s	5,000 MB/s	2015	20.625 MHz
Thunderbolt 4.0	40,000 Mbit/s	5,000 MB/s	2020	20.625 MHz
Thunderbolt 5.0	120,000 Mbit/s	15,000 MB/s	2023

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) [Protocol]
HDMI 1.0	4,950 Mbit/s		2002	165 MHz
HDMI 1.1	4,950 Mbit/s		2004	65 MHz
HDMI 1.2	4,950 Mbit/s		2005	65 MHz
HDMI 1.2a	4,950 Mbit/s		2005	65 MHz
HDMI 1.3	10,200 Mbit/s		2006	340 MHz
HDMI 1.3a	10,200 Mbit/s		2006	340 MHz
HDMI 1.4	10,200 Mbit/s		2009	340 MHz
HDMI 1.4a	10,200 Mbit/s		2010	340 MHz
HDMI 1.4b	10,200 Mbit/s		2011	340 MHz
HDMI 2.0	18,000 Mbit/s		2013	600 MHz
HDMI 2.0a	18,000 Mbit/s		2015	600 MHz
HDMI 2.0b	18,000 Mbit/s		2016	600 MHz
HDMI 2.1	48,000 Mbit/s		2017
HDMI 2.1a	48,000 Mbit/s		2022

HDMI Standards [Connector]
Type A (Standard)
Type B (Dual-Link, not used)
Type C (Mini HDMI)
Type D (Micro HDMI)
Type E (Automotive)

DisplayPort (DP) [Protocol and connector]
DP 1.0	10,800 Mbit/s		2006
DP 1.1	10,800 Mbit/s		2008
DP 1.2	21,600 Mbit/s		2010
DP 1.2a	21,600 Mbit/s		2013
DP 1.3	32,400 Mbit/s		2014
DP 1.4	32,400 Mbit/s		2016
DP 1.4a	32,400 Mbit/s		2018
DP 2.0	80,000 Mbit/s	10,000 MB/s	2019
DP 2.1 (DP40)	40,000 Mbit/s	5,000 MB/s	2022
DP 2.1 (DP80)	80,000 Mbit/s	10,000 MB/s	2022

Mini DisplayPort (Mini DP) [Connector]			2008

Digital Visual Interface (DVI)			1999
DVI-I (Integrated)	18 + 5 contacts and reaches 1920 x 1200 pixels @ 60 Hz. A dual link cable has 24 + 5 contacts and a resolution of maximum 2560 x 1600 pixels. 7,920 Mbit/s
DVI-D [Digital connector]	They either have 18 + 1 contacts (single link) for a resolution of 1920 x 1200 pixels or 24 + 1 contacts (dual link) for a resolution of 2560 x 1600 @ 60 Hz respectively 1920 x 1080 @ 144 Hz. = 3,960 Mbit/s
DVI-A [Analog connector]

Video Graphics Array (VGA) [Analog Connector]	1920×1200 resolution by considering 24 bits per pixel and 60 frames per second. I get almost 3 Gb/s = 3,317 Mbit/s	414 MB/s	1987

Recommended Standard 232 (RS-232) [Protocol]	20 Mbit/s	2,5 MB/s	1960
Recommended Standard 485 (RS-485) [Protocol]	35 Mbit/s	4,375 MB/s	1983

D-Subminiature (D-SUB) [Connector]			1952
DA-15
DB-25
DC-37
DD-50
DE-09

KoNneX (KNX) [Protocol]

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) [Internal Connector]
PCIe 1.0		4,000,000 MB/s	2003
PCIe 2.0		8,000,000 MB/s	2007
PCIe 3.0		15,754,000 MB/s	2010
PCIe 4.0		31,508,000 MB/s	2017
PCIe 5.0		63,015,000 MB/s	2019
PCIe 6.0		121,000,000 MB/s	2022
PCIe 7.0		242,000,000 MB/s	2025

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) [Internal Connector]	48,000 Mbit/s	6,000 MB/s	2003

IDE (Ultra ATA or Parallel ATA (PATA)) [Internal Connector]	1,024 Mbit/s	133 MB/s	1986

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) [Connector]	40 Mbit/s	5 MB/s	1986

Electromagnetic spectrum [e.g. Light]

Class			Size	Wave-length
Ionising radiation	γ	Gamma rays	1 pm	300 EHz
			10 pm	30 EHz
	HX	Hard X-rays
			100 pm	3 EHz
	SX	Soft X-rays
			1 nm	300 PHz
			10 nm	30 PHz
	EUV	Extremeultraviolet
			100 nm	3 PHz
Ultra violet	NUV	Near ultravioletand visible
Visible			1 μm	300 THz
Infrared	NIR	Near infrared
			10 μm	30 THz
	MIR	Mid infrared
			100 μm	3 THz
	FIR	Far infrared
			1 mm	300 GHz
Micro-waves	EHF	Extremely highfrequency
			1 cm	30 GHz
	SHF	Super highfrequency
			1 dm	3 GHz
	UHF	Ultra highfrequency
			1 m	300 MHz
Radiowaves	VHF	Very highfrequency
			10 m	30 MHz
	HF	Highfrequency
			100 m	3 MHz
	MF	Mediumfrequency
			1 km	300 kHz
	LF	Lowfrequency
			10 km	30 kHz
	VLF	Very lowfrequency
			100 km	3 kHz
	ULF	Ultra lowfrequency
			1 Mm	300 Hz
	SLF	Super lowfrequency
			10 Mm	30 Hz
	ELF	Extremely lowfrequency
			100 Mm

Frequencies – International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Band name Abbreviation	ITU band number	Frequency and wavelength	Example uses
Tremendously Low Frequency (TLF)	—	1–3 Hz 300,000–100,000 km	—
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)	1	3–30 Hz 100,000–10,000 km	Communication with submarines
Super Low Frequency (SLF)	2	30–300 Hz 10,000–1,000 km	Communication with submarines
Ultra Low Frequency	3	300–3,000 Hz 1,000–100 km	Communication with submarines, communication within mines, landline telephony, fax machines, fiber-optic communication
Very Low Frequency (VLF)	4	3–30 kHz 100–10 km	Navigation, time signals, communication with submarines, landline telephony, wireless heart rate monitors, geophysics
Low Frequency (LF)	5	30–300 kHz 10–1 km	Navigation, time signals, AM longwave broadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia), RFID, amateur radio
Medium frequency (MF)	6	300–3,000 kHz 1,000–100 m	AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio, avalanche beacons, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography, electrical telegraph, wireless telegraph, dial-up internet
High frequency (HF)	7	3–30 MHz 100–10 m	Shortwave broadcasts, citizens band radio, amateur radio, RFID, marine and mobile radio telephony, CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, cordless phones
Very High Frequency (VHF)	8	30–300 MHz 10–1 m	FM broadcasts, television broadcasts, cable television broadcasting, radars, line-of-sight ground-to-aircraft, aircraft-to-aircraft communications, radioteletype, land mobile and maritime mobile communications, amateur radio, police, fire and emergency medical services scanners, weather radio, CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, cordless phones.
Ultra High Frequency (UHF)	9	300–3,000 MHz 100–10 cm	Television broadcasts, cable television broadcasting, microwave oven, radars, microwavedevices/communications, radio astronomy, radars (L band), mobile phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, Zigbee, GPS and two-way radios such as land mobile, FRS and GMRS radios, amateur radio, satellite radio, police, fire and emergency medical services scanners, remote control systems, ADSB, cordless phones, internet, dial-up internet, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, satellite phones (L band), satellite phones (S band).
Super high frequency (SHF)	10	3–30 GHz 10–1 cm	Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, DSRC, most modern radars, communications satellites, cable and satellite television broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, satellite radio, cordless phones, internet, satellite phones (S band).
Extremely high frequency (EHF)	11	30–300 GHz 10–1 mm	Radio astronomy, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, high-frequency microwave radio relay, microwave remote sensing, directed-energy weapon, millimeter wave scanner, Wireless Lan 802.11ad, internet.
Terahertz or tremendously high frequency (THF)	12	300–3,000 GHz 1–0.1 mm	Experimental medical imaging to replace X-rays, ultrafast molecular dynamics, condensed-matter physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, terahertz computing/communications, remote sensing

Java Data Types [Used in Programming]

Primitive Datentype	Size (Größe)	Value range (Wertebereich)
Boolean	Undefined	true or false
Character (Char)	16 Bit	0 bis +65.535
Byte	8 Bit	128 to +127
Short	16 Bit	32.768 to +32.767
Integer (Int)	32 Bit	2^31 to +2^31 – 1
Long	64 Bit	2^63 to +2163 – 1
Float	32 Bit	1,40239846E-45 to 3,40282347E+38
Double	64 Bit	4,94065645841246544E-324 bis 1,79769131486231570E+308

Digital Storage

Digital Storage Size	Naming
8,800,000 Bits = 1,100,000 Bytes	Bits (Bits/s or Bps)
8,8 Megabits = 1,1 MegaByte (/8 or *8)	Megabits (Mb, Mbit/s or Mbps)
1 Gigabit = 1000 Megabit	Gigabits (Gb, Gbits/s or Gbps)
1 Bit	Bits (Bits)
1 Byte = 8 Bits	Byte (B)
1 KB = 1024 B	KiloByte (KB)
1 MB = 1024 KB	MegaByte (MB)
1 GB = 1024 MB	GigaByte (GB)
1 TB = 1024 GB	TeraByte (TB)
1 PB = 1024 TB	PetaByte (PB)
1 EB = 1024 PB	ExaByte (EB)
1 ZB = 1024 EB	ZettaByte (ZB)
1 YB = 1024 ZB	YottaByte (YB)

SSD or HDD Storage

Storage	Device
20 MB HDD	Apple Macintosh II [1987]
4 GB HDD	Apple iPhone 2G [2007]
256 GB HDD	Apple MacBook Pro [2010]
256 GB SSD	Apple MacBook Air [2020]
512 GB SSD	Apple MacBook Pro [2023]
16 GB SSD	Tesla MCU 0 [2012]
32 GB SSD	Tesla MCU 1 [2015]
64 GB SSD	Tesla MCU 2 [NVIDIA’s Tegra 3] [2017]
256 GB SSD	Tesla MCU 3 [2021]
512 GB SSD	Tesla MCU 4 [2023]
	Osprey IBM 433 Qubits

CPU Performance

Naming
Flops
GigaFlops
TerraFlops
PentaFlops

Digital File Formats (Dateiendungen) [search in Windows *.jpg]

Digital Format	Example
.txt	TeXT (TXT) ASCII file
.rtf	Rich Text Format (RTF)
.jpg (.jpeg)	Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file
.png	Portable Network Graphics (PNG) file
.tiff	Tag Image File Format (TIFF) file
.gif	Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) file
.psd	Adobe Photoshop file
.mp3	MPeg-1 audio layer 3 (MP3) audio file
.wav	WAVeform audio (WAV) file
.flac	Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) file
.mid	Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) file
.mp4	Mpeg-4 Part 14 (MP4) file
.mov	Apple QuickTime movie file
.avi	Audio Video Interleave (AVI) file
.flv	FLash Video (FLV) file
.accdb	Microsoft Access DataBase file
.docx (.doc)	Microsoft Word file
.xlsx (.xls)	Microsfot Excel file
.pptx (.ppt)	Microsoft PowerPoint file
.vsdx (.vsd)	Microsoft Visio file
.csv	Comma-Separated Values (CSV) file
.dmg	Apple macOS application installer
.app	Apple macOS application
.iso	International Organization for Standardisation (ISO)-9660 disc image file
.json	JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) file
.pdf	Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF)
.html	HyperText Markup Language file
.exe	Microsoft Windows program installer
.zip	Lossless archive file
.stl	Standard Triangle Language (STL) file
.usdz	Universal Scene Description (USDZ) file [Apple AR files]

Aspect ratios (Seitenverhältnisse)

Aspect Ratio	Device	Width divided by Height
1:1	Square (Quadrat)	1
3:2	iPad Mini 6 [2021]	1.5
4:3	iPad Air 2 [2014]	1.33
17:11	Visitenkarte Querformat [8,5 auf 5,5 cm]	1.54
297 × 420 mm	A3 paper	1.41
10:7	iPad Pro 11″ [2021]	1.42
16:9	Normal Laptop Monitor	1.78
210 × 297 mm	A4 paper	1.41
16:9	iPhone 6, 7, 8 and iPhone SE [2nd and 3rd Gen]	1.77
16:13	Apple Watch 8	1.23
19.5:9	iPhone X, iPhone 12, 13 and 14	2.16

Resolution

Resolution in Pixels [Horizontal times Vertical]	Abbreviations	Pixels in total	Aspect Ratio	Width divided by Height
256 × 144	144p	36,864
640 × 360	360p	230,400
858 x 480	480p	411,840
1280 × 720	720p HD ready	921.000
1920 x 1080	1080p Full HD (FHD)	2,073,600	16:9	1.78
2048 x 1080	2K official cinema resolution	2,211,840
2560 x 1440	2K monitor resolution	3,686,400	16:9	1.78
3840 × 2160	4K Ultra High Definition (UHD)	8,294,400	16:9	1.78
4096 x 2160	4K official cinema resolution	8,847,360
5120 × 2880	5K [Data bandwidth 22 GB/s] [e.g. Apple Studio Display]	14,745,600
6016 x 3384	6K [e.g. Apple Pro Display XDR]	20,358,144
6144 x 3160	6K original	19,415,040
7680 × 4320	8K [e.g. Dell UltraSharp UP3218K]	33,177,600
12288 x 6480	12K	79,626,240

Frames per Second (FPS or Hertz (Hz))

FPS	Example
1 Frame	Picture
1 to 20 FPS	Burst mode iPhone [Picture series]
24 FPS	When the human eye starts to sees a motion fluently
30 FPS	Standard Monitor
60 FPS	Computer Monitor (e.g. Apple Thunderbolt Display 27 Inch)
60 FPS	iPhone 13 Display Refresh rate
120 FPS	iPhone 14 Pro Display Refresh rate
120 FPS or 240 FPS	Slow motion (Zeitlupe) iPhone video
400 FPS	Gaming Monitor 400 Hz [e.g. Acer XV252QF]
1000 FPS	Ultra high-speed camera (Zeitlupe) [e.g. Chronos 2.1-HD]
3000 FPS	Time-lapse (Zeitraffer) video

Lines of Code (LoC)

LoC	Example
1000 LoC	Simple iPhone App
4000 LoC	Average iPhone App
100.000 LoC	Photoshop 1.0 [1990]
400.000 LoC	NASA Space Shuttle
1.1 Milion LoC	Bacteria [e.g. Syphilis]
4.5 Milion LoC	Windows NT 3.1 [1993]
6.7 Milion LoC	Google Chrome [2023]
10 Milion LoC	Boing Dreamliner
50 Milion LoC	Microsoft Windows Vista [2007]
100 Milion LoC	Mouse – total DNA base pairs in genome
100 Million LoC	Car today 2023 [e.g. Tesla Model S 2023]
2 Billion LoC	All Google Internet Services
3.300 Billion LoC	Human – total DNA base pairs in genome

Energy Consumption (milliWatt (mW), Watt (W), kiloWatt (kW), gigaWatt (gW) and terraWatt (tW))

Energy Consumption in Watt	Examples
5 W	Apple iPhone 6 [2014]
20 W	Apple HomePod mini [2020]
20 W	Apple iPhone 14 [2022]
96 W	Apple MacBook Pro [2019]
120 W	Prusa Mini 3D Printer [2020]
180 W	Prusa MK3S+ 3D Printer [2019]
400 to 1,400 W	Washing machine
1,500 to 2,000 W	Hair dryer
900 and 3,500 W	Ofen
1,800 to 3,000 W	Water kettle
3680W (=6A*230V)	German power outlet
50,000 to 70,000 W	Injection molding machine
250,000W (250kW)	Tesla Model S Plaid [2021]
…	Tesla GigaPress 6000
	Cruise ship
	City 100,000 people
	City 1,000,000 people
	City 10,000,000 people
	City 10,000,000 people

Horse Power (HP) (Pferde Sträken (PS) one PS is equal to about 0.9863 HP)

Horse Power	kiloWatt	Examples	Energy	Engine torque Newton meter
1 HP		Horse
20 HP		Ford Model T [1908 to 1927]
80 PS	59 kW	Volkswagen (VW) Golf 6 [2008]		132 Nm
306 HP	211 kW	Tesla Model 3 Standard Range [2020]	53.1 kWh	350 Nm
1020 HP	750 kW	Tesla Model S Plaid [2021]	100 kWh	1,000 Nm

German vs English Number Names

Fully written	1×10^n	German	English
1,000,000	10^6	Million	Million
1,000,000,000	10^9	Milliarde	Billions
1,000,000,000,000	10^12	Billion	Trillion
…	10^15	Billiarde	Quadrillion
	10^18	Trillion	Quintillion
	10^21	Trilliarde	Sextillion
	10^100	Googol	Googol

Colour temperature (Farbtemperatur)

Colour temperature in Kelvin	Light source in Watt
1500 K	Kerze
2000 K	Natriumdampflampe (SON-T)
2600 K	Glühlampe (40 W)
2700 K	Glühlampe (60 W)
2800 K	Glühlampe (100 W)
2700–2800 K	Halogenlampe (230 V, Eco-Halogen, 30–60 W)
3000 K	Glühlampe (200 W)
3000–3200 K	Halogenlampe (12 V)
3200 K	Fotolampe Typ B, Halogenglühlampe
3400 K	Fotolampe Typ A bzw. S, Spätabendsonne kurz vor Dämmerungsbeginn
3600 K	Operationssaalbeleuchtung
4000 K	Leuchtstofflampe (Neutralweiß)
4120 K	Mondlicht
4500–5000 K	Xenonlampe, Lichtbogen
5000 K	Morgen-/Abendsonne, D50-Lampe (Druckerei)
5500 K	Vormittags-/Nachmittagssonne
5500–5600 K	Elektronenblitzgerät
5500–5800 K	Mittagssonne, Bewölkung
6500–7500 K	Bedeckter Himmel
7500–8500 K	Nebel, starker Dunst
9000–12.000 K	Blauer (wolkenloser) Himmel auf der beschatteten Nordseite Blaue Stunde
15.000–27.000 K	Klares blaues, nördliches Himmelslicht

Milliliter Zentiliter Deziliter Liter Hektoliter

Size	Abbreviation
1 ml = 0,001 liter	Milliliter (ml)
1 cl = 0,01 L	Zentiliter (cl)
1 dl = 0,1 L	Deziliter (dl)
1 L = 1 L	Liter (L)
1 hl = 100 L	Hectolitre (Hektoliter) (hl)

e.g. 1000 ml = 100 cl = 10 dl = 1 L = 0,01 hl = Liter (L)

Material Strength

Strength	Material
	Diamond
	Stainless steel
	Steel
	Eloxised Aluminim (Eloxiertes Aluminium)
	Aluminim